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Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation Chapter 15 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 15.1 Biodiversity 15.2 Biodiversity Conservation If an alien from a distant galaxy were to visit our…
Ecosystem–Structure and Function Productivity Decomposition Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids Ecological Succession Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem Services Chapter 14 Ecosystem 14.1 Ecosystem–Structure and Function 14.2 Productivity 14.3 Decomposition 14.4 Energy Flow 14.5 Ecological Pyramids…
Organism and Its Environment Populations Unit X ECOLOGY Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations Chapter 14 Ecosystem Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 16 Environmental Issues Diversity is not only a characteristic of living organisms but also of content in biology textbooks. Biology is presented either as botany, zoology and microbiology or as classical and modern. The latter is a euphemism for molecular aspects of biology. Luckily we have many threads which weave the different areas of biological information into a unifying principle. Ecology is one such thread which gives us a holistic perspective to biology. The essence of biological understanding is to know how organisms, while remaining an individual, interact with other organisms and physical habitats as a group and hence behave like organised wholes, i.e., population, community, ecosystem or even as the whole biosphere.Ecology explains to us all…
Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture Biotechnological Applications in Medicine Transgenic Animals Ethical Issues Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Applications 12.1 Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture 12.2 Biotechnological Applications in Medicine 12.3 Transgenic Animals 12.4 Ethical Issues Biotechnology, as you would have learnt from the previous chapter, essentially deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals using genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production. Three critical research areas of biotechnology are: (i) Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pure enzyme. (ii) Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act, and (iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein/organic compound….
Principles of Biotechnology Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology Unit IX Biotechnology Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications Ever since the days…
Animal Husbandry Plant Breeding Single Cell Proteins Tissue Culture Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement 9.1 Animal Husbandry 9.2 Plant Breeding 9.3 Single Cell Proteins 9.4 Tissue Culture With ever-increasing…
The DNA The Search for Genetic Material RNA World Replication Transcription Genetic Code Translation Regulation of Gene Expression Human Genome Project DNA…
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Inheritance of One Gene Inheritance of Two Genes Sex Determination Mutation Genetic Disorders Unit VII GENETICS AND EVOLUTION Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation Chapter 6…
Flower – A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms Pre-fertilisation : Structures and Events Double Fertilisation Post-fertilisation: Structures and Events Apomixis and Polyembryony Chapter 2…
Growth Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation Development Plant Growth Regulators Photoperiodism Vernalisation Seed Dormancy Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development You have already studied the organisation of a flowering plant in Chapter 5. Have you ever thought about where and how the structures like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds arise and that too in an orderly sequence? You are, by now, aware of the terms seed, seedling, plantlet, mature plant. You have also seen that trees continue to increase in height or girth over a period of time. However, the leaves, flowers and fruits of the same tree not only have limited dimensions but also appear and fall periodically and some time repeatedly. Why does vegetative phase precede flowering in a plant? All plant organs are made up of a variety of tissues; is there any relationship between the structure of a cell, a tissue, an organ and the function they perform? Can the structure and the function of these be altered? All cells of a plant are descendents of the zygote. The question is, then, why and how do they have different structural and functional attributes? Development is the sum of two processes: growth and differentiation. To begin with, it is essential and sufficient to know that the development of a mature plant from a zygote (fertilised egg) follow a precise and highly ordered succession of events. During this process a complex body organisation is formed that produces roots, leaves, branches, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and eventually they die (Figure 15.1). The first step in the process of plant growth is seed germination. The seed germinates when favourable conditions for growth exist in the environment. In absence of such favourable conditions the seeds do not germinate and goes into a period of suspended growth or rest. Once favourable conditions return, the seeds resume metabolic activities and growth takes place. 15.1 Growth 15.2 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation 15.3 Development 15.4 Plant Growth Regulators 15.5 Photoperiodism 15.6 Vernalisation…